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Available tools
Simple Interest Calculator
Find interest earned on a fixed principal without compounding.
Tip Calculator
Calculate a tip and split the total evenly between people.
Hourly to Salary Calculator
Estimate annual gross pay from hourly rate, weekly hours and paid weeks.
Fraction Calculator
Add, subtract, multiply or divide two fractions and simplify the exact result.
GCD and LCM Calculator
Find the greatest common divisor and least common multiple of two whole numbers.
Circle Area Calculator
Calculate circle area, circumference and diameter from its radius.
Quadratic Formula Calculator
Solve ax² + bx + c = 0 for real or complex roots.
Standard Deviation Calculator
Measure spread in a list of numbers using sample or population standard deviation.
Area Converter
Convert square meters, square feet, acres, hectares and other area units.
Volume Converter
Convert liters, milliliters, cubic meters and explicitly labeled US or imperial volumes.
Speed Converter
Convert between kilometers per hour, miles per hour, meters per second and knots.
Data Storage Converter
Convert bytes, bits and decimal or binary storage units without confusing MB and MiB.
Date Addition Calculator
Add or subtract whole calendar days from a date and find the resulting weekday.
Time Duration Calculator
Find elapsed wall-clock hours and minutes between two times, including an overnight interval.
Sort Text Lines
Sort a list of lines in ascending or descending case-sensitive order.
Whitespace Cleaner
Collapse repeated whitespace and remove spaces from the beginning and end of text.
Dice Roller
Roll one or more dice with a chosen number of sides and see each roll and the total.
List Shuffler
Randomly reorder a list while keeping all nonempty entries, including duplicates.
Customer Acquisition Cost Calculator
Combine sales and marketing costs to estimate the average cost of acquiring a new customer.
CPC Calculator
Calculate average cost per click from advertising spend and recorded clicks.
CPM Calculator
Find advertising cost per thousand impressions from total spend and impressions.
CPA Calculator
Calculate the average advertising cost for a recorded conversion action.
Conversion Rate Calculator
Measure conversions as a percentage of eligible interactions, clicks or sessions.
ROI Calculator
Compare net proceeds with your initial investment to calculate a simple return on investment.
Revenue Growth Calculator
Find annualized revenue growth and total change between comparable reporting periods.
Markup Calculator
Set a selling price from unit cost and your desired percentage markup.
Compound Interest Calculator
See how your starting balance and regular contributions could grow with monthly compounding.
Mortgage Calculator
Estimate monthly principal and interest payments and see your balance fall over time.
Discount Calculator
Find a sale price and exactly how much you save before taxes or fees.
Profit Margin Calculator
Turn revenue and cost into profit margin, profit, and markup.
ROAS Calculator
Measure attributed revenue for every unit of advertising spend.
Break-Even Calculator
Find the whole units you must sell to cover fixed and variable costs.
Percentage Calculator
Calculate any percentage of a number, including decimals and negative values.
Percentage Change Calculator
Compare an original and new value to find the relative increase or decrease.
Average Calculator
Calculate the mean, median, sum and range of a list of numbers.
BMI Calculator
Calculate adult body mass index from metric height and weight.
Running Pace Calculator
Find your minutes per kilometer and speed from a distance and finish time.
BMR Calculator
Estimate resting energy expenditure with the Mifflin–St Jeor equation.
Age Calculator
Find completed years of age and total elapsed calendar days between two dates.
Date Difference Calculator
Count the days and full weeks between two calendar dates.
Business Days Calculator
Count Monday-to-Friday weekdays between two dates, excluding the end date.
Length Converter
Convert meters, kilometers, feet, inches, miles and other common length units.
Weight Converter
Convert mass between kilograms, grams, pounds and ounces.
Temperature Converter
Convert Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin with absolute-zero validation.
Word Counter
Count words and characters instantly, with an approximate reading time.
Case Converter
Change text to uppercase, lowercase or simple English title case.
Duplicate Line Remover
Remove repeated lines while preserving the order of their first appearance.
Random Number Generator
Pick a random whole number from an inclusive range using browser cryptography.
Password Generator
Create a random password locally, with a length from 8 to 128 characters.
UUID Generator
Generate a cryptographically random version 4 UUID without sending it to a server.
Excel to PDF Converter
Turn an XLSX workbook into a shareable PDF, then preview the first page before downloading.
PowerPoint to PDF Converter
Convert a PPTX presentation to a PDF for easy viewing and sharing without PowerPoint.
PDF to PowerPoint Converter
Convert a PDF into a downloadable PPTX presentation and review it in your slide editor.
Word to Text Converter
Extract readable text from a DOCX document, review it on screen and save a plain TXT file.
Markdown to PDF Converter
Convert a text-only Markdown file into a PDF with headings, lists and a downloadable preview.
Annotate & Sign PDF
Add a text note or a signature image to a PDF page. Preview the saved page and download your annotated copy, entirely on your device.
Background Remover
Remove the background from a JPG or PNG and download a transparent PNG. Compare your original photo with the cutout.
PDF to Word Converter
Convert a text-based PDF into an editable Word document. Preview the first page, then download a DOCX file.
Compress PDF
Reduce PDF file size in your browser. Choose text-preserving optimization or a smaller image-only copy, and compare the result.
HEIC to JPG Converter
Turn an HEIC or HEIF photo into a JPG. Convert a small batch, preview results and choose the JPEG download quality.
QR Code Generator
Create a static QR code for a link, text, Wi-Fi network or contact. Preview it instantly and download PNG or SVG.
Calorie Calculator
Estimate daily maintenance calories from age, body measurements and activity, with a clear breakdown of the calculation.
MP4 to MP3 Converter
Extract the audio from an uploaded MP4 video and download an MP3 file. Your original video stays unchanged.
Video Converter
Convert uploaded MP4, MOV, WebM, MKV and AVI videos. Preview your clip and choose MP4, WebM, GIF or compression.
MOV to MP4 Converter
Convert a MOV video to an MP4 file for compatible players and sharing. Upload your recording and download the converted result.
WebM to MP4 Converter
Convert a WebM video to MP4 for players and workflows that require an MP4 file.
MKV to MP4 Converter
Convert an MKV video to MP4 with a clear upload, processing and download workflow.
AVI to MP4 Converter
Convert an AVI clip to MP4 for modern playback workflows. Preview supported source codecs before uploading.
MP4 to WebM Converter
Convert an MP4 video into a WebM file for a web publishing workflow.
Video Compressor
Compress an uploaded video using a moderate compression setting. Download the result and compare its size and quality.
Video to GIF Converter
Turn the first ten seconds of a video into a silent animated GIF at 480 × 270 pixels.
PNG to JPG Converter
Turn a PNG image into a JPG with an adjustable quality setting and a white background for transparent areas.
JPG to PNG Converter
Convert a JPG image to PNG while preserving its decoded pixel dimensions.
WebP to JPG Converter
Convert a WebP image to a broadly supported JPG with an immediate source preview.
WebP to PNG Converter
Convert a WebP image to PNG for a static image workflow that supports transparency.
JPG to WebP Converter
Encode a JPG image as WebP with an editable quality setting.
PNG to WebP Converter
Create a WebP copy of a PNG image using your chosen quality setting.
PDF to JPG Converter
Turn selected PDF pages into JPG images, delivered together in a ZIP file.
PDF to PNG Converter
Render selected PDF pages as PNG images in a downloadable ZIP archive.
MP3 to WAV Converter
Decode an MP3 audio file and save a 16-bit PCM WAV copy in your browser.
OGG to WAV Converter
Convert a supported OGG audio file to a standard 16-bit PCM WAV file.
M4A to WAV Converter
Decode a supported M4A audio recording into a downloadable PCM WAV file.
URL Shortener
Create a short, shareable HTTPS link with a clear destination preview and a 30-day expiry.
Molar Mass Calculator
Calculate molecular weight from a chemical formula, including parentheses and hydrates, with an element-by-element mass breakdown.
Molarity Calculator
Find solution concentration in mol/L from solute mass, molar mass and final solution volume.
Solution Dilution Calculator
Calculate the stock volume needed to prepare a target concentration and final volume using C1V1 = C2V2.
Serial Dilution Calculator
Plan repeated equal-ratio dilutions and see the concentration after every transfer.
Molality Calculator
Calculate moles of solute per kilogram of solvent from measured masses.
Mole Fraction Calculator
Calculate the mole fraction of a component in a two-component mixture.
Mass Percent Calculator
Calculate the mass percentage of a solute using solute mass and total solution mass.
Volume Percent Calculator
Find volume/volume concentration from component volume and measured final solution volume.
Moles to Particles Calculator
Convert an amount in moles to a count of molecules, atoms or other specified entities.
Stoichiometry Calculator
Convert a known reactant mass into a product mass using coefficients from a balanced chemical equation.
Limiting Reactant Calculator
Identify the limiting reactant from two available mole amounts and balanced reaction coefficients.
Percent Yield Calculator
Compare actual product yield with the theoretical maximum and flag results above 100%.
Ideal Gas Volume Calculator
Find gas volume from moles, Kelvin temperature and absolute pressure.
Combined Gas Law Calculator
Calculate a new gas volume when absolute pressure and Kelvin temperature change at fixed gas amount.
Partial Pressure Calculator
Calculate a component gas pressure from its mole amount and the total mixture pressure.
pH and pOH Calculator
Convert hydrogen-ion concentration to pH, pOH and hydroxide concentration using an explicit pKw.
Buffer pH Calculator
Estimate buffer pH from pKa and the concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base.
Weak Acid pH Calculator
Estimate pH and percent ionization for a single monoprotic weak acid using the quadratic equilibrium expression.
Titration Calculator
Find an unknown analyte concentration from titrant concentration, equivalence volume and balanced reaction coefficients.
Beer–Lambert Law Calculator
Find concentration from absorbance, molar absorptivity and optical path length.
Arrhenius Equation Calculator
Estimate a reaction rate constant at a second temperature using activation energy and a known rate constant.
First-Order Reaction Half-Life Calculator
Calculate half-life and remaining fraction from a first-order rate constant and elapsed time.
Boiling and Freezing Point Calculator
Estimate boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression from molality and solvent constants.
Osmotic Pressure Calculator
Estimate ideal osmotic pressure from molarity, temperature and the van’t Hoff factor.
Gibbs Free Energy Calculator
Calculate ΔG from enthalpy, entropy and Kelvin temperature with consistent energy units.
Nernst Equation Calculator
Estimate cell potential from standard potential, reaction quotient, temperature and electrons transferred.
Van’t Hoff Equation Calculator
Estimate how an equilibrium constant changes between two temperatures for a stated reaction enthalpy.
Average Atomic Mass Calculator
Calculate a weighted atomic mass from isotope masses and measured percent abundances.
OEE Calculator
Measure overall equipment effectiveness and separate availability, performance and quality losses.
Takt Time Calculator
Find the production pace required to meet customer demand during available working time.
Production Cycle Time Calculator
Measure average elapsed production time per finished unit and compare it with a target takt.
Sales Velocity Calculator
Estimate daily pipeline revenue from opportunities, deal size, win rate and sales-cycle length.
Weighted Sales Pipeline Calculator
Weight each sales opportunity by its individual closing probability to estimate expected pipeline value.
Price Elasticity of Demand Calculator
Compare two price and quantity observations using symmetric midpoint percentage changes.
Safety Stock Calculator
Estimate buffer inventory for independent daily demand variation and a fixed replenishment lead time.
Support Staffing Calculator
Estimate paid staffing hours and whole-person headcount from ticket volume and handling time.
Inventory Shrinkage Calculator
Compare recorded inventory with a physical count to quantify missing units and estimated cost.
Product Return Rate Calculator
Measure returned units as a share of units sold and estimate revenue represented by those returns.
Compare Two Lists
Find shared and exclusive entries in two lists while ignoring duplicate entries.
Filter Text Lines
Keep or remove lines containing a literal phrase, with optional case-insensitive matching.
Add Prefix and Suffix to Lines
Add a chosen prefix and suffix to every line for lists, labels or simple code preparation.
Word Wrap Text
Wrap paragraphs at word boundaries to a selected character width without breaking long words.
Extract URLs from Text
Collect unique HTTP and HTTPS URLs from pasted text without visiting any links.
Extract Numbers from Text
Extract signed decimal numbers and scientific notation from plain text in their original order.
JSON String Escape and Unescape
Encode plain text as one valid JSON string, or decode a quoted JSON string back into text.
Unicode Text Normalizer
Normalize canonically equivalent Unicode sequences or apply compatibility normalization for text matching.
Extract Line Range
Copy an inclusive range of numbered lines from a pasted document without changing their contents.
Escape Markdown Text
Escape Markdown punctuation so plain text is less likely to be interpreted as formatting.
Business Date Calculator
Add or subtract working days while excluding your chosen weekend and a custom holiday list.
Add Time Calculator
Add a list of hour-minute-second durations and convert the total to decimal hours.
Time Zone Converter
Convert an exact timestamp to another time zone, including the daylight-saving offset for that instant.
Meeting Time Zone Planner
Compare one proposed meeting instant across several time zones and identify date changes.
Recurring Date Generator
Generate dates at a fixed day interval for schedules, reminders and repeating plans.
Monthly Calendar Generator
Build a plain-text month calendar with Monday-first or Sunday-first weeks, ready to copy.
JSON Pointer Evaluator
Extract a value from JSON using an exact RFC 6901 pointer, with support for escaped property names.
JSON Compare
Compare two JSON documents structurally and list changed, added or removed values by pointer.
JSON Redactor
Replace values for selected property names throughout a JSON document before sharing a sanitized copy.
JWT Decoder
Inspect a JWT header and payload locally, with a clear warning that decoding does not verify its signature.
Word Frequency Counter
Find the most frequent words in English text, with counts and percentages and optional case folding.
Regex Escape Tool
Escape text so it can be inserted as a literal pattern in common JavaScript regular expressions.
Square Area Calculator
Find the area enclosed by four equal sides.
Square Perimeter Calculator
Find the boundary length of a square.
Square Diagonal Calculator
Find the corner-to-corner distance across a square.
Rectangle Diagonal Calculator
Find the diagonal from a rectangle’s two perpendicular sides.
Parallelogram Area Calculator
Measure a parallelogram using base and perpendicular height.
Parallelogram Perimeter Calculator
Find total boundary length from adjacent parallelogram sides.
Rhombus Area Calculator
Find a rhombus area using its perpendicular diagonals.
Kite Area Calculator
Calculate kite area from its two perpendicular diagonals.
Ellipse Area Calculator
Find the enclosed area of an ellipse from its semiaxes.
Ellipse Perimeter Calculator
Estimate an ellipse boundary with Ramanujan’s approximation.
Semicircle Area Calculator
Calculate the area of half a circle.
Semicircle Perimeter Calculator
Find the curved edge plus diameter of a semicircle.
Annulus Area Calculator
Find the area between two concentric circles.
Arc Length Calculator
Find the distance along a circular arc from its angle.
Sector Area Calculator
Find the area of a circular wedge.
Chord Length Calculator
Find the straight line connecting the ends of a circular arc.
Circular Segment Area Calculator
Find the region between a chord and its circular arc.
Triangle Area from Three Sides Calculator
Calculate triangle area when all three side lengths are known.
Equilateral Triangle Area Calculator
Calculate area from one side of an equilateral triangle.
Equilateral Triangle Height Calculator
Find the perpendicular altitude of an equilateral triangle.
Triangle Area from Two Sides and Angle Calculator
Find area from two sides and their included angle.
Law of Cosines Calculator
Find a triangle’s third side from two sides and the included angle.
Regular Polygon Area Calculator
Find area from equal side length and the number of sides.
Regular Polygon Interior Angle Calculator
Find each interior angle of an equiangular regular polygon.
Polygon Diagonals Calculator
Count all diagonals between nonadjacent vertices.
Regular Polygon Apothem Calculator
Find the perpendicular center-to-side distance of a regular polygon.
Cube Volume Calculator
Find the volume enclosed by a cube.
Cube Surface Area Calculator
Find the combined area of a cube’s six faces.
Cube Space Diagonal Calculator
Find the interior diagonal between opposite cube corners.
Rectangular Prism Volume Calculator
Find the capacity of a rectangular box from three dimensions.
Rectangular Prism Surface Area Calculator
Find the total area of all six rectangular faces.
Rectangular Prism Diagonal Calculator
Find the longest corner-to-corner distance through a rectangular box.
Cylinder Volume Calculator
Find the capacity of a right circular cylinder.
Cylinder Surface Area Calculator
Find curved side area plus both circular ends.
Cylinder Lateral Area Calculator
Find the curved wall area of a cylinder without its ends.
Cone Volume Calculator
Find the volume of a right circular cone.
Cone Surface Area Calculator
Find a cone’s circular base and sloping surface area.
Cone Slant Height Calculator
Find the side length from cone tip to the base rim.
Sphere Surface Area Calculator
Find the outer area of a sphere from its radius.
Hemisphere Volume Calculator
Calculate the volume of half a sphere.
Hemisphere Total Surface Area Calculator
Find the curved hemisphere area plus its flat circular base.
Spherical Cap Volume Calculator
Find the volume cut from a sphere by a plane.
Square Pyramid Volume Calculator
Find the volume of a pyramid with a square base.
Square Pyramid Surface Area Calculator
Find the square base plus four equal triangular faces.
Triangular Prism Volume Calculator
Find volume from a triangle base, triangle height and prism length.
Cone Frustum Volume Calculator
Find the capacity between parallel cuts of a cone.
Ellipsoid Volume Calculator
Find the volume of an ellipsoid from its three semiaxes.
Torus Volume Calculator
Find the volume of a circular ring with a circular cross-section.
Torus Surface Area Calculator
Find the outer area of a ring torus.
Hollow Cylinder Material Volume Calculator
Find the material volume in a straight circular tube.
Newton’s Second Law Calculator
Find net force from mass and acceleration.
Acceleration from Force Calculator
Find acceleration caused by a specified net force.
Kinetic Energy Calculator
Calculate translational energy from mass and speed.
Gravitational Potential Energy Calculator
Find the change in potential energy near a uniform gravitational field.
Linear Momentum Calculator
Find signed linear momentum for a moving object.
Impulse Calculator
Calculate impulse from a constant net force and duration.
Work from Force Calculator
Find work done by a constant force at an angle to displacement.
Mechanical Power Calculator
Find average power from work performed over time.
Final Velocity Calculator
Find final velocity under constant acceleration.
Constant Acceleration Displacement Calculator
Find signed displacement under constant acceleration.
Average Acceleration Calculator
Find the rate of change between two velocities.
Free Fall Time Calculator
Estimate the time to fall from rest through a given height.
Free Fall Impact Speed Calculator
Estimate speed after falling from rest without drag.
Constant Deceleration Stopping Distance Calculator
Calculate ideal braking distance for a constant deceleration.
Reaction Distance Calculator
Find distance traveled at constant speed during a reaction interval.
Projectile Range Calculator
Estimate horizontal range for launch and landing at the same height.
Projectile Maximum Height Calculator
Find maximum rise above the launch point for an ideal projectile.
Projectile Flight Time Calculator
Find time aloft for a projectile returning to its launch height.
Centripetal Acceleration Calculator
Find inward acceleration for uniform circular motion.
Centripetal Force Calculator
Find the inward net force required for a circular path.
Angular Velocity Calculator
Convert revolutions per minute to radians per second.
Tangential Speed Calculator
Find linear speed at a distance from a rotation axis.
Rotational Kinetic Energy Calculator
Calculate energy stored in rigid-body rotation.
Angular Momentum Calculator
Find angular momentum for rotation about a fixed principal axis.
Solid Disc Moment of Inertia Calculator
Find inertia about a uniform disc’s central perpendicular axis.
Solid Sphere Moment of Inertia Calculator
Find inertia of a uniform solid sphere about its diameter.
Rod Moment of Inertia Calculator
Find inertia of a thin uniform rod about its midpoint.
Spring Force Calculator
Find restoring-force magnitude for an ideal linear spring.
Elastic Potential Energy Calculator
Find energy stored in an ideal stretched or compressed spring.
Spring Oscillation Period Calculator
Find the period of an ideal undamped mass-spring oscillator.
Simple Pendulum Period Calculator
Estimate the period of a small-angle pendulum.
Wave Speed Calculator
Find propagation speed from frequency and wavelength.
Wavelength Calculator
Find distance between repeating wave crests.
Wave Period Calculator
Find duration of one complete oscillation.
Beat Frequency Calculator
Find the beat rate of two nearby tones.
Hydrostatic Gauge Pressure Calculator
Find pressure added by a static fluid column.
Buoyant Force Calculator
Find upward force from displaced fluid volume.
Mass from Density Calculator
Calculate material mass from density and volume.
Volumetric Flow Rate Calculator
Find flow through a uniform cross-section.
Mass Flow Rate Calculator
Find mass transported per second from volume flow and density.
Reynolds Number Calculator
Compare inertia with viscous effects for a specified flow.
Sensible Heat Energy Calculator
Find heat associated with a temperature change without a phase change.
Latent Heat Calculator
Find energy for a phase change at constant temperature.
Linear Thermal Expansion Calculator
Estimate length change caused by a temperature change.
Steady Heat Conduction Calculator
Estimate heat flow across a uniform flat slab.
Ideal Gas Pressure Calculator
Find ideal-gas pressure from amount, temperature and volume.
Ideal Gas Density Calculator
Find ideal-gas density using molar mass.
Thermal Efficiency Calculator
Find useful work as a share of heat input.
Carnot Efficiency Calculator
Find the ideal upper efficiency between two thermal reservoirs.
Young’s Modulus Calculator
Find the elastic modulus from uniaxial stress and strain.
Normal Stress Calculator
Calculate average axial stress from force and cross-sectional area.
Normal Strain Calculator
Find fractional length change under deformation.
Friction Force Calculator
Estimate kinetic friction magnitude from normal force and coefficient.
Lever Balance Force Calculator
Find the opposing force required to balance an ideal lever.
Mechanical Advantage Calculator
Find the force multiplication ratio of a mechanism.
Universal Gravitation Calculator
Estimate attraction between two point masses.
Escape Speed Calculator
Estimate escape speed from a spherical body without atmosphere.
Circular Orbital Speed Calculator
Estimate speed in a circular orbit around a dominant mass.
Photon Energy Calculator
Find photon energy from electromagnetic frequency.
De Broglie Wavelength Calculator
Find wavelength associated with a nonzero momentum.
Sound Intensity Level Calculator
Find logarithmic intensity level relative to a reference intensity.
Ohm’s Law Current Calculator
Find current through a known resistance at a given voltage.
Ohm’s Law Voltage Calculator
Find voltage drop across a resistor carrying a given current.
Ohm’s Law Resistance Calculator
Find resistance from measured DC voltage and current.
DC Power Calculator
Calculate electrical power from voltage and current.
Resistor Power Dissipation Calculator
Find ideal resistive heating from current and resistance.
Voltage Divider Calculator
Find unloaded output voltage from a two-resistor divider.
Current Divider Calculator
Find branch current through R1 in a two-resistor parallel circuit.
Series Resistance Calculator
Find equivalent resistance of three resistors in series.
Parallel Resistance Calculator
Find equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors.
Series Capacitance Calculator
Find equivalent capacitance of two series capacitors.
Parallel Capacitance Calculator
Calculate two capacitors in parallel with mixed F, mF, µF, nF or pF inputs. See equivalent capacitance and unit conversions.
Capacitor Charge Calculator
Find charge stored by a capacitor at a specified voltage.
Capacitor Energy Calculator
Find electrical energy stored in an ideal capacitor.
Inductor Energy Calculator
Find magnetic energy stored in an ideal inductor.
RC Time Constant Calculator
Find the characteristic time for a resistor-capacitor circuit.
RL Time Constant Calculator
Find the characteristic time for a resistor-inductor circuit.
Capacitor Charging Voltage Calculator
Find capacitor voltage after an ideal DC charging step.
Capacitor Discharging Voltage Calculator
Find remaining capacitor voltage during resistive discharge.
Capacitive Reactance Calculator
Find a capacitor’s reactance magnitude at an AC frequency.
Inductive Reactance Calculator
Find an inductor’s reactance at an AC frequency.
LC Resonant Frequency Calculator
Find ideal resonance from inductance and capacitance.
RC Filter Cutoff Frequency Calculator
Find the −3 dB cutoff of a first-order RC filter.
RL Filter Cutoff Frequency Calculator
Find the corner frequency of an ideal first-order RL filter.
Series RLC Impedance Calculator
Find the impedance magnitude of a series RLC network.
Single-Phase AC Real Power Calculator
Find active power from RMS voltage, RMS current and power factor.
Balanced Three-Phase Power Calculator
Find real power from line voltage and line current.
Reactive Power Calculator
Find reactive power magnitude from apparent power and power factor.
Sine Wave RMS Voltage Calculator
Convert a sinusoid’s peak voltage to RMS voltage.
Sine Wave Peak Voltage Calculator
Find peak voltage from sinusoidal RMS voltage.
Battery Energy Calculator
Estimate nominal battery energy from voltage and amp-hours.
Battery Runtime Calculator
Estimate load runtime from usable stored energy and load power.
Battery Charge Time Calculator
Estimate constant-current charging time for a capacity increment.
Electricity Cost Calculator
Estimate energy cost for one appliance over a specified duration.
Ideal Transformer Voltage Calculator
Find secondary voltage from a transformer’s turns ratio.
LED Series Resistor Calculator
Estimate a resistor for an ideal LED voltage-drop model.
Inverting Op-Amp Gain Calculator
Find ideal closed-loop gain from feedback and input resistors.
Non-Inverting Op-Amp Gain Calculator
Find ideal non-inverting amplifier gain.
Voltage Gain in Decibels Calculator
Express a positive voltage ratio in decibels.
Power Gain in Decibels Calculator
Express a positive power ratio in decibels.
dBm to Watts Calculator
Convert a power level referenced to one milliwatt into watts.
Watts to dBm Calculator
Express positive power in decibels referenced to one milliwatt.
Wire Resistance Calculator
Estimate resistance from material resistivity and conductor geometry.
DC Resistive Voltage Drop Calculator
Find voltage loss across a known total path resistance.
Parallel Plate Capacitance Calculator
Estimate capacitance for two large parallel plates with a dielectric.
Uniform Electric Field Calculator
Find field magnitude between equipotential parallel plates.
Concrete Slab Calculator
Estimate concrete volume for a rectangular slab including overage.
Concrete Column Calculator
Estimate concrete for identical round columns.
Strip Footing Concrete Calculator
Estimate concrete volume along a continuous rectangular footing.
Concrete Bag Quantity Calculator
Find bags required using the manufacturer’s mixed yield per bag.
Gravel Quantity Calculator
Estimate bulk gravel mass from area, depth and bulk density.
Sand Calculator — Volume & Extra Allowance
Work out how much sand you need from area, depth and extra allowance. Calculate cubic metres and learn how to convert volume to tonnes.
Mulch Quantity Calculator
Calculate mulch volume for a rectangular garden bed.
Topsoil Calculator — Cubic Metres & Soil Weight
Estimate topsoil volume in cubic metres and mass in kilograms from area, depth and bulk density. Includes a worked example and tonnes conversion.
Tile Quantity Calculator
Find a whole-tile purchasing estimate from area and tile dimensions.
Flooring Boxes Calculator
Estimate whole boxes from floor area and coverage per box.
Paint Quantity Calculator
Estimate liters of paint from net wall area, coats and coverage.
Room Wall Area Calculator
Find net paintable wall area for a rectangular room.
Wallpaper Rolls Calculator
Estimate rolls from wall perimeter, height and usable roll dimensions.
Drywall Sheets Calculator
Estimate sheet count from net surface area and sheet size.
Brick Count Calculator
Estimate facing bricks from wall area, brick face and mortar joint.
Concrete Block Count Calculator
Estimate masonry blocks from wall area and nominal face size.
Paver Count Calculator
Estimate paving units from paved area and nominal unit size.
Fence Post Count Calculator
Estimate posts for a straight, open-ended fence run.
Fence Picket Count Calculator
Estimate full-width pickets along a straight fence.
Deck Board Count Calculator
Estimate rows of full-length deck boards across a deck.
Sloped Roof Area Calculator
Estimate sloped area from horizontal footprint and uniform pitch.
Roof Pitch Calculator
Find a roof angle and rise per twelve units of horizontal run.
Rafter Length Calculator
Find an ideal straight rafter length from rise and horizontal run.
Stair Riser Height Calculator
Divide total vertical rise into an integer number of equal risers.
Stair Total Run Calculator
Estimate horizontal run from tread depth and tread count.
Ramp Slope Calculator
Find grade percentage and slope angle from rise and run.
Board Feet Calculator
Measure lumber volume in board feet from inch dimensions.
Lumber Volume Calculator
Calculate wood volume from board dimensions and quantity.
Rectangular Tank Capacity Calculator
Find internal tank capacity from inside dimensions.
Vertical Round Tank Capacity Calculator
Find liquid capacity of a vertical cylindrical tank.
Pool Volume Calculator
Estimate water volume of a rectangular pool with a uniform depth slope.
Excavation Volume Calculator
Estimate in-place volume of a rectangular excavation.
Excavated Soil Bulking Calculator
Estimate loose volume after excavation from an entered swell factor.
Material Truck Loads Calculator
Estimate trips from total loose volume and permitted load capacity.
Landscape Fabric Rolls Calculator
Estimate rolls of landscape fabric from net area and overlap allowance.
Grass Seed Quantity Calculator
Estimate seed mass from area and the supplier’s sowing rate.
Irrigation Runtime Calculator
Find watering duration from target depth, area and total flow.
Rainwater Harvest Calculator
Estimate collectible roof runoff from rainfall and collection efficiency.
Material Area Cost Calculator
Estimate supply cost from area, waste and price per square meter.
Labor Hours Calculator
Estimate crew labor-hours from quantity and productivity.
Gross Profit Calculator
Find gross profit after cost of goods sold.
Net Profit Calculator
Find profit after entered costs, interest and taxes.
Operating Margin Calculator
Express operating profit as a percentage of revenue.
EBITDA Calculator
Reconcile net income to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.
Quick Ratio Calculator
Compare liquid current assets with current liabilities.
Cash Ratio Calculator
Compare cash and short-term investments with current liabilities.
Debt-to-Equity Ratio Calculator
Compare total liabilities with positive shareholder equity.
Asset Turnover Calculator
Find revenue generated per unit of average assets.
Return on Assets Calculator
Compare net income with average total assets.
Return on Equity Calculator
Compare net income with positive average shareholder equity.
Interest Coverage Calculator
Measure how many times EBIT covers interest expense.
Days Sales Outstanding Calculator
Estimate average collection days from credit sales and receivables.
Days Inventory Outstanding Calculator
Estimate inventory holding days from cost of goods sold.
Days Payable Outstanding Calculator
Estimate supplier payment days under a COGS-based convention.
Cash Conversion Cycle Calculator
Combine inventory, receivable and payable days.
Economic Order Quantity Calculator
Estimate an ideal order size balancing ordering and holding costs.
Reorder Point Calculator
Estimate inventory level that triggers replenishment.
Sell-Through Rate Calculator
Find the share of received inventory sold during a period.
Stockout Rate Calculator
Find the share of demand events that could not be fulfilled.
Gross-Profit Customer Lifetime Value Calculator
Estimate lifetime gross profit from recurring purchases and lifespan.
LTV to CAC Ratio Calculator
Compare lifetime customer value with acquisition cost.
Monthly Recurring Revenue Calculator
Estimate recurring revenue from active subscriptions at one price.
Annual Recurring Revenue Calculator
Annualize a monthly recurring revenue run rate.
Net Revenue Retention Calculator
Measure retained recurring revenue including expansion and contraction.
Gross Revenue Retention Calculator
Measure recurring revenue retained without expansion.
Email Open Rate Calculator
Calculate unique opens as a share of delivered emails.
Email Click-to-Open Rate Calculator
Compare unique clickers with unique tracked openers.
Email Bounce Rate Calculator
Find undelivered messages as a share of attempted sends.
Ad Frequency Calculator
Find average impressions per reached person.
Page RPM Calculator
Find advertising revenue per thousand page views.
Ad Revenue Estimate Calculator
Explore revenue from an entered page-view forecast and page RPM.
Billable Utilization Calculator
Find the fraction of available working hours billed to clients.
Freelance Hourly Rate Calculator
Estimate a billed hourly rate from revenue needs and billable hours.
Sales Commission Calculator
Calculate commission on eligible sales at a flat rate.
Overtime Pay Calculator
Estimate gross pay from regular hours and overtime at an entered multiplier.
Loan-to-Value Calculator
Compare a loan balance with the value of its collateral.
Down Payment Calculator
Find cash down payment and remaining purchase price.
Rent Budget Calculator
Calculate a rent budget from income and a user-selected spending share.
Rent per Square Meter Calculator
Compare rents using a consistent floor-area basis.
Gross Rental Yield Calculator
Estimate gross annual rent relative to property price.
Capitalization Rate Calculator
Compare annual net operating income with property value.
Cash-on-Cash Return Calculator
Compare annual pre-tax cash flow with cash invested.
Present Value of a Future Amount Calculator
Discount a single future amount to today.
Future Value of a Lump Sum Calculator
Project a single amount with annual compounding.
Annuity Present Value Calculator
Discount equal end-of-period payments at a constant periodic rate.
Annuity Future Value Calculator
Accumulate equal end-of-period deposits at a constant periodic rate.
Straight-Line Depreciation Calculator
Allocate depreciable cost evenly over useful life.
Double-Declining Depreciation Calculator
Estimate one year of declining-balance depreciation subject to a salvage floor.
Sequential Discounts Calculator
Apply two successive percentage discounts to one price.
Discount from Prices Calculator
Find the percentage reduction between original and sale prices.
Original Price Before Discount Calculator
Recover an original price from a discounted price and discount percentage.
Break-Even Selling Price Calculator
Find a per-unit price that covers fixed and variable costs at a planned volume.
Sinking Fund Contribution Calculator
Find equal end-of-period deposits required to reach a future target.
Savings Gap Calculator
Find the unfunded part of a goal and an equal monthly contribution.
Monthly Budget Balance Calculator
Find money remaining after entered monthly expense groups.
Annual Expense Calculator
Annualize recurring spending with a user-entered frequency.
Rent Split Calculator by Room Size
Split rent using bedroom area and an equal-share percentage. Compare a fully equal split with a room-size split or a mix of both.
Flat-Rate Loan Payment Calculator
Estimate equal payments when interest is charged on original principal.
Interest-Only Payment Calculator
Estimate monthly interest at a nominal annual rate.
Bond Current Yield Calculator
Compare annual coupon cash flow with a bond’s current price.
Geometric Mean Calculator
Find the multiplicative average of strictly positive observations.
Harmonic Mean Calculator
Calculate the harmonic mean of positive numbers, see the reciprocal calculation, and compare it with the arithmetic mean.
Root Mean Square Calculator
Find the square root of the average squared observation.
Population Variance Calculator
Find mean squared distance from the mean using denominator n.
Sample Variance Calculator
Estimate variance using Bessel’s correction for a sample.
Standard Error of the Mean Calculator
Estimate standard error from a sample standard deviation and sample size.
Coefficient of Variation Calculator
Find sample standard deviation relative to a positive mean.
Mean Absolute Deviation Calculator
Find average absolute distance from the arithmetic mean.
Median Absolute Deviation Calculator
Find the median absolute distance from the sample median.
Interquartile Range Calculator
Find the spread of the middle half of your data.
Percentile Calculator
Estimate a requested percentile of a numeric sample.
Percentile Rank Calculator
Find the percentage of observations at or below a selected value.
IQR Outlier Fences Calculator
Calculate Tukey’s lower and upper fences from the sample quartiles.
Trimmed Mean Calculator
Average data after removing equal counts from each sorted tail.
Mode Calculator
Find the most frequent exact numeric values in a dataset.
Normal Distribution Density Calculator
Evaluate the height of a normal probability density curve.
Normal Mean Confidence Interval Calculator
Find a mean interval using a supplied critical z value.
Proportion Margin of Error Calculator
Estimate normal-approximation margin of error for a proportion.
Proportion Sample Size Calculator
Estimate a sample size for a specified absolute proportion margin.
Finite Population Sample Adjustment Calculator
Adjust an initial sample size for a finite population.
Binomial Probability Calculator
Find the probability of exactly k successes in independent trials.
Binomial Mean and Variance Calculator
Find expected successes and variance for a binomial model.
Poisson Probability Calculator
Find the probability of exactly k events for a constant-rate Poisson model.
Geometric Probability Calculator
Find the probability that the first success occurs on a specified trial.
Exponential Survival Probability Calculator
Find probability that a waiting time exceeds a given duration.
Independent Events Intersection Calculator
Calculate the chance that two independent events both occur.
Probability of Either Event Calculator
Find the probability of A or B, including their overlap.
Conditional Probability Calculator
Find probability of A given B from joint and conditioning probabilities.
Bayes’ Theorem Calculator
Update a prior probability using two conditional likelihoods.
Discrete Expected Value Calculator
Find a weighted expected outcome from values and probabilities.
Pearson Correlation Calculator
Measure linear association between paired numeric observations.
Simple Linear Regression Calculator
Fit an ordinary least-squares line to paired numeric data.
Final Exam Grade Needed Calculator
Find the final-exam percentage needed to reach a course target.
Test Percentage Calculator
Convert points earned into a percentage score.
Grade After an Assignment Calculator
Update a points-based grade with a new assignment.
Credit-Weighted GPA Calculator
Compute GPA from grade-point values and matching course credits.
Cumulative GPA Calculator
Combine an existing GPA with a new term’s GPA and credits.
Required Term GPA Calculator
Find the term GPA needed to reach a cumulative target.
Attendance Rate Calculator
Find attendance percentage from attended and scheduled sessions.
Classes Needed for Attendance Target Calculator
Find consecutive attended classes needed to reach an attendance target.
Study Time per Day Calculator
Divide remaining study workload across available days.
Reading Schedule Calculator
Plan daily reading from remaining pages and deadline length.
Exam Time per Question Calculator
Calculate time per exam question in minutes and seconds, reserve review time, and get checkpoints for finishing each quarter of the paper.
Focus Session Duration Calculator
Plan total elapsed time for repeated focus blocks and short breaks.
Typing Speed Calculator
Estimate words per minute using the five-character word convention.
Typing Accuracy Calculator
Find the share of attempted characters typed correctly.
Speaking Duration Calculator
Estimate talk length from word count and speaking pace.
Camera Field of View Calculator
Find angle of view along one sensor dimension.
Equivalent Focal Length Calculator
Find full-frame equivalent focal length using a crop factor.
Exposure Value Calculator
Calculate EV from f-number and shutter duration at ISO 100.
Exposure Time Adjustment Calculator
Adjust shutter duration by a specified number of stops.
ND Filter Exposure Calculator
Find shutter duration after adding a neutral-density filter.
Hyperfocal Distance Calculator
Estimate hyperfocal focus distance using a chosen circle of confusion.
Photo Print Size Calculator
Find physical print dimensions from image pixels and print resolution.
Megapixels Calculator
Find image pixel count in millions from width and height.
Uncompressed Image Size Calculator
Estimate raw pixel storage before headers and compression.
Time-Lapse Duration Calculator
Find playback duration from shooting interval and capture duration.
Video Storage Calculator
Estimate file size from total encoded bitrate and duration.
Slow-Motion Factor Calculator
Find playback slowdown from recording and playback frame rates.
Trip Fuel Cost Calculator
Estimate fuel and cost for a distance at an entered consumption rate.
Trip Duration Calculator
Estimate travel time from average speed plus planned stops.
Travel Budget Calculator
Combine accommodation, daily spending and fixed transport costs.
Trip Cost Split Calculator
Split shared trip expenses equally among travelers.
Fuel Range Calculator
Estimate distance possible with usable fuel and average consumption.
EV Trip Energy Calculator
Estimate energy needed for a trip from average consumption.
EV Charging Duration Calculator
Estimate charging time from energy to add and average charging power.
EV Charging Cost Calculator
Estimate purchased energy cost including an entered charging-loss allowance.
Walking Time Calculator
Estimate walking duration from distance and an entered average speed.
Cycling Time Calculator
Estimate riding duration from route distance and average moving speed.
Auto Loan Calculator
Estimate a car payment including a down payment, trade-in equity, financed taxes and fees.
Refinance Calculator
Compare an existing loan with a new rate and term, including upfront refinancing costs.
Retirement Calculator
Project retirement savings and compare them with an inflation-adjusted spending target using your own assumptions.
NPV Calculator
Discount a sequence of equally spaced cash flows, including the initial investment, to a present-value total.
IRR Calculator
Find the periodic return for one initial investment followed by equally spaced nonnegative cash inflows.
Loan Comparison Calculator
Compare two loan offers using the same borrowed amount, different rates, terms and upfront fees.
Subnet Calculator
Find an IPv4 network, subnet mask, host range and address count from an address and CIDR prefix.
Significant Figures Calculator
Count significant figures under an explicit decimal convention and round a number to your chosen precision.
P-Value Calculator
Convert a z or t statistic into a one-sided or two-sided p-value with an explicit alternative hypothesis.
One Sample T-Test Calculator
Calculate a one-sample t-test from raw observations. Get the p-value, t statistic and degrees of freedom for a two-sided or one-sided hypothesis.
Two Sample T-Test Calculator
Compare independent sample means using Welch’s test or an explicitly chosen pooled-variance t-test.
Paired T-Test Calculator
Compare matched before-and-after measurements by testing the mean of paired differences.
One-Way ANOVA Calculator
Compare the means of three independent groups and see the between-group and within-group variation.
Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Calculator
Compare observed category counts against fully specified expected counts with a Pearson chi-square test.
Chi-Square Test of Independence
Test association in a 2 × 2 count table and inspect the smallest expected cell count.
Cohen’s d Calculator
Measure the standardized difference between two independent sample means, with an approximate Hedges correction.
T Confidence Interval Calculator
Estimate a population mean interval from sample data when the population standard deviation is unknown.
Normal Distribution Probability Calculator
Find the probability between two bounds for a normal distribution, plus the probabilities in both outside tails.
Spearman Rank Correlation Calculator
Measure monotonic association between paired observations, including tied values assigned average ranks.
Two Proportion Z-Test Calculator
Compare success rates in two independent groups using a pooled two-proportion z-test.
Confusion Matrix Calculator
Evaluate a binary classifier with accuracy, precision, recall, specificity and F1 from four outcome counts.
Multiple Testing Correction Calculator
Adjust a family of p-values using Bonferroni, Holm or Benjamini–Hochberg while preserving your input order.
Decimal to Fraction Calculator
Convert a terminating decimal to an exact reduced fraction without floating-point rounding.
Compare Fractions Calculator
Compare two signed fractions exactly using reduced fractions and integer cross-products.
Improper Fraction to Mixed Number Calculator
Split an improper fraction into a signed whole-number part and a reduced fractional remainder.
Linear Equation Calculator
Solve ax + b = c, including identities and equations with no solution.
Linear Inequality Calculator
Solve ax + b < c, ≤ c, > c or ≥ c and reverse the inequality correctly for a negative coefficient.
Absolute Value Equation Calculator
Solve |ax + b| = c over the real numbers, including zero and degenerate cases.
Exponential Equation Calculator
Solve a positive-base equation b^x = y for its real exponent.
Nth Root Calculator
Find a real nth root, allowing negative radicands only for odd integer roots.
Polynomial Evaluation Calculator
Evaluate a polynomial at a chosen x using coefficients listed from highest power to constant.
Polynomial Derivative Calculator
Find derivative coefficients and evaluate the derivative at a selected x.
Polynomial Long Division Calculator
Divide one polynomial by another and return quotient and remainder coefficient lists.
Modular Exponentiation Calculator
Compute a large integer power modulo a positive integer without constructing the full power.
Modular Multiplicative Inverse Calculator
Find x such that a×x ≡ 1 modulo m, when the inverse exists.
Extended Euclidean Algorithm Calculator
Find integers x and y satisfying ax + by = gcd(a,b).
Chinese Remainder Theorem Calculator
Solve two integer congruences, including compatible congruences whose moduli share factors.
Prime Number Checker
Determine whether an integer is prime using exact divisibility tests within the supported range.
Prime Numbers in a Range
List all primes in a bounded inclusive interval for number-theory exercises.
Factors and Divisors Calculator
List positive divisors of an integer, with their count and sum.
Euler Totient Calculator
Count positive integers up to n that are relatively prime to n.
Fibonacci Number Calculator
Compute an exact Fibonacci number using F₀ = 0 and F₁ = 1.
Catalan Number Calculator
Calculate exact Catalan numbers for balanced parentheses and related counting problems.
Pascal Triangle Row Calculator
Generate exact binomial coefficients for a chosen zero-indexed row of Pascal’s triangle.
3D Vector Calculator
Find vector sums, differences, dot and cross products, magnitudes and the angle between two vectors.
Cartesian to Polar Coordinates Calculator
Convert a two-dimensional point into a radius and a quadrant-aware angle.
Cartesian to Spherical Coordinates Calculator
Convert a 3D point into radius, azimuth and polar angle with explicit angle conventions.
Line Intersection Calculator
Find the intersection of two infinite lines written in standard form ax + by = c.
Point to Line Distance Calculator
Calculate the perpendicular distance from a point to an infinite line ax + by + c = 0.
Triangle Centroid Calculator
Find the centroid of three planar vertices and the triangle’s area.
Triangle Circumcircle Calculator
Find the center and radius of the circle passing through three planar vertices.
Polygon Area from Coordinates Calculator
Find area and perimeter of a simple polygon from vertices listed in boundary order.
555 Timer Astable Calculator
Find frequency, high time, low time and duty cycle for the standard two-resistor 555 oscillator.
555 Timer Monostable Calculator
Estimate the output pulse duration of a standard 555 one-shot timer.
ADC Resolution Calculator
Estimate an ideal analog-to-digital converter step size and the nearest lower code for an input voltage.
DAC Output Voltage Calculator
Convert an unsigned digital code into the ideal voltage of a unipolar DAC.
PWM Average Voltage Calculator
Find the time-average voltage of a two-level pulse-width-modulated waveform.
LED Array Power Calculator
Estimate ideal LED power and branch current for identical series strings connected in parallel.
Resistor Tolerance Calculator
Find the minimum and maximum resistance permitted by a nominal tolerance.
Resistor Temperature Coefficient Calculator
Estimate resistance at a new temperature using a linear temperature coefficient.
Loaded Voltage Divider Calculator
Include a finite load resistance when estimating a resistor-divider output.
Thevenin Equivalent Load Calculator
Calculate load voltage, current and power from a Thevenin source model.
Maximum Power Transfer Calculator
Find the matched resistive load and maximum load power for a Thevenin source.
Buck Converter Duty Cycle Calculator
Estimate the ideal duty cycle for a step-down DC converter.
Boost Converter Duty Cycle Calculator
Estimate the ideal duty cycle for a step-up DC converter.
Linear Regulator Heat Calculator
Estimate power dissipated by a linear regulator and ideal conversion efficiency.
Heat Sink Thermal Resistance Calculator
Estimate the maximum sink-to-ambient thermal resistance allowed by a thermal budget.
Junction Temperature Calculator
Estimate semiconductor junction temperature using total junction-to-ambient thermal resistance.
Power Factor Correction Calculator
Estimate reactive compensation needed to raise a lagging power factor.
Induction Motor Slip Calculator
Calculate synchronous speed and slip from frequency, pole count and rotor speed.
Motor Torque from Power Calculator
Convert shaft mechanical power and rotational speed into torque.
Skin Depth Calculator
Estimate electromagnetic skin depth for a good conductor at a specified frequency.
Quarter Wave Antenna Length Calculator
Estimate quarter-wave element length using frequency and an editable shortening factor.
VSWR to Reflection Coefficient Calculator
Convert standing-wave ratio into reflection magnitude, return loss and reflected-power percentage.
RC Low Pass Filter Response Calculator
Find the ideal first-order low-pass gain and phase at a chosen frequency.
Series RLC Quality Factor Calculator
Find the resonant quality factor and bandwidth of a series RLC circuit.
Rectifier Ripple Voltage Calculator
Estimate peak-to-peak reservoir-capacitor ripple from load current and recharge frequency.
Inventory Days of Supply Calculator
Estimate how long available stock lasts at a specified daily demand.
GMROI Calculator
Measure gross margin earned per unit of average inventory cost.
Inventory Carrying Cost Calculator
Estimate annual inventory holding cost from average value and an annual carrying rate.
Weighted Average Unit Cost Calculator
Combine beginning stock and one purchase into a weighted average inventory unit cost.
Landed Cost per Unit Calculator
Allocate purchase, freight, duty and handling costs across received units.
Dimensional Shipping Weight Calculator
Compare a parcel’s actual mass with its volumetric weight using the carrier’s divisor.
Order Fill Rate Calculator
Measure the percentage of requested units supplied immediately from stock.
Perfect Order Rate Calculator
Calculate the share of orders meeting all defined fulfillment conditions.
On Time Delivery Calculator
Measure orders delivered by their agreed delivery date.
First Pass Yield Calculator
Measure units passing a process without rework on their first attempt.
Rolled Throughput Yield Calculator
Estimate end-to-end first-pass yield across three sequential processing stages.
Scrap Cost Calculator
Estimate net material loss after recovering the salvage value of rejected units.
Machine Hour Cost Calculator
Allocate annual machine costs over productive operating hours.
Loaded Labor Cost Calculator
Estimate hourly employer cost including benefits and payroll overhead entered by the user.
Employee Absenteeism Rate Calculator
Measure absent scheduled hours as a share of scheduled working hours.
Employee Turnover Rate Calculator
Measure employee departures relative to average headcount during a period.
Job Offer Acceptance Rate Calculator
Measure accepted offers as a share of offers with a recorded decision.
Revenue per Employee Calculator
Compare period revenue with average full-time-equivalent staffing.
Customer Satisfaction Score Calculator
Calculate the percentage of responses meeting your satisfied-response threshold.
Net Promoter Score Calculator
Calculate NPS from promoter, passive and detractor response counts.
Shopping Cart Abandonment Rate Calculator
Measure initiated carts that did not result in completed purchases.
Repeat Purchase Rate Calculator
Measure customers who made more than one purchase within a defined cohort or period.
Revenue per Visitor Calculator
Calculate revenue earned per unique visitor in the same reporting window.
Early Payment Discount Cost Calculator
Estimate the annualized simple cost of forgoing an early-payment discount.
Bulk Purchase Savings Calculator
Compare total costs of buying a required quantity at normal and bulk unit prices.
Uniform Distribution Calculator
Find the cumulative probability and density for a continuous uniform distribution.
Triangular Distribution Calculator
Calculate cumulative probability for a bounded triangular model with a specified mode.
Hypergeometric Probability Calculator
Find the chance of exactly k marked items when sampling without replacement.
Negative Binomial Probability Calculator
Find the probability of k failures before the rth success in independent trials.
Beta Distribution Calculator
Evaluate cumulative probability for a beta distribution on the unit interval.
Gamma Distribution Calculator
Evaluate a gamma cumulative probability using shape and scale parameters.
Weibull Distribution Calculator
Find failure and survival probabilities for a two-parameter Weibull model.
Lognormal Distribution Calculator
Evaluate cumulative probability when the natural logarithm is normally distributed.
Logistic Distribution Calculator
Evaluate cumulative probability for a logistic location-scale distribution.
Cauchy Distribution Calculator
Find cumulative probability for a Cauchy distribution from location and scale.
Pareto Distribution Calculator
Evaluate cumulative and tail probabilities for a Type I Pareto distribution.
Rayleigh Distribution Calculator
Find cumulative probability for a nonnegative Rayleigh-distributed magnitude.
Gumbel Distribution Calculator
Evaluate the maximum-form Gumbel cumulative distribution.
Laplace Distribution Calculator
Evaluate a symmetric Laplace cumulative probability.
Discrete Uniform Distribution Calculator
Calculate cumulative probability across equally likely integers in an inclusive range.
Shannon Entropy Calculator
Measure uncertainty in a discrete distribution using nonnegative category counts.
Gini Coefficient Calculator
Measure inequality in a nonnegative list of values using the population Gini convention.
KL Divergence Calculator
Compare two aligned discrete distributions using Kullback–Leibler divergence.
Cosine Similarity Calculator
Compare the direction of two numeric vectors of equal length.
Sample Covariance Calculator
Measure joint variation of paired numeric observations using the n−1 divisor.
Adjusted Sample Skewness Calculator
Calculate adjusted Fisher–Pearson skewness for a numeric sample.
Sample Excess Kurtosis Calculator
Compute bias-corrected Fisher excess kurtosis from sample observations.
Numeric Frequency Table Generator
Count distinct numeric observations and their relative frequencies.
Forecast Accuracy Calculator
Compare aligned actual and predicted values using MAE, RMSE, bias, MAPE and WAPE.
Process Capability Cp Cpk Calculator
Estimate capability indices from specification limits, process mean and within-process standard deviation.
Thin Lens Calculator
Find image distance and magnification for a thin lens using signed focal length.
Snell’s Law Calculator
Find refraction angle from two refractive indices and the incidence angle.
Critical Angle Calculator
Find the incidence angle above which total internal reflection occurs.
Brewster Angle Calculator
Calculate the ideal Brewster angle at a dielectric interface.
Diffraction Grating Calculator
Estimate a diffraction maximum angle from wavelength, grating density and order.
Double Slit Fringe Spacing Calculator
Estimate bright-fringe separation in a two-slit interference pattern.
Malus Law Calculator
Estimate transmitted intensity through an ideal analyzer for linearly polarized light.
Lens Optical Power Calculator
Convert signed focal length into optical power in diopters.
Stefan Boltzmann Radiation Calculator
Estimate net radiative heat flow from a surface to a large isothermal environment.
Wien Peak Wavelength Calculator
Find the peak wavelength of blackbody spectral radiance per unit wavelength.
Thermal Diffusivity Calculator
Calculate thermal diffusivity from conductivity, density and specific heat.
Convection Heat Transfer Calculator
Estimate heat transfer using a specified convective heat-transfer coefficient.
Layer Thermal Resistance Calculator
Find conduction resistance of a flat homogeneous layer.
Bernoulli Pressure Calculator
Find downstream pressure from upstream pressure, velocities and elevations.
Darcy Weisbach Pressure Drop Calculator
Estimate straight-pipe friction pressure loss using a supplied Darcy friction factor.
Laminar Pipe Flow Calculator
Calculate ideal laminar volumetric flow through a circular tube from pressure difference.
Hydraulic Diameter Calculator
Find equivalent hydraulic diameter from flow area and wetted perimeter.
Froude Number Calculator
Compare inertial flow speed with the gravity-wave scale.
Mach Number Calculator
Calculate Mach number from flow speed and local speed of sound.
Aerodynamic Drag Calculator
Estimate drag force and power from a specified drag coefficient and reference area.
Stokes Settling Velocity Calculator
Estimate terminal settling speed of a small sphere in a viscous fluid.
Atwood Machine Calculator
Find ideal acceleration and rope tension for two masses on a frictionless pulley.
Perfectly Inelastic Collision Calculator
Find common velocity and kinetic-energy loss when two objects stick together in one dimension.
Elastic Collision Calculator
Calculate both final velocities for an ideal one-dimensional elastic collision.
Damped Natural Frequency Calculator
Find damped frequency and damping ratio for a mass–spring–damper system.
Tile Grout Calculator
Estimate grout mass for rectangular tiles from joint dimensions and material density.
Brick Mortar Volume Calculator
Estimate mortar volume by subtracting brick volume from a solid wall volume.
Roof Shingle Bundle Calculator
Estimate shingle bundles using measured sloped roof area and coverage per bundle.
Siding Panel Calculator
Estimate siding panels from net wall area and the exposed coverage of each panel.
Gutter Section Calculator
Estimate stock gutter sections for one continuous run with joint overlap.
Baseboard Trim Calculator
Estimate trim length around a rectangular room after subtracting door openings.
Drywall Joint Compound Calculator
Estimate joint compound containers using supplier coverage for the intended finishing system.
Drywall Tape Calculator
Estimate tape rolls from measured joint length and roll length.
Wall Stud Count Calculator
Estimate regularly spaced studs for one straight wall, with editable extras for framing details.
Deck Joist Count Calculator
Count joist positions across a rectangular layout from maximum spacing.
Rectangular Column Formwork Calculator
Estimate contact formwork area for the four vertical faces of rectangular columns.
Rebar Weight Calculator
Estimate steel reinforcement mass from nominal diameter and total length.
Rebar Grid Quantity Calculator
Count bars in two directions for a rectangular single-layer grid.
Metal Plate Weight Calculator
Estimate mass of a solid rectangular metal plate with an editable density.
Stair Carpet Calculator
Estimate carpet surface area covering rectangular stair treads and risers.
Insulation Roll Calculator
Estimate insulation packs from net coverage area and manufacturer pack coverage.
Blown Insulation Bag Calculator
Estimate loose-fill insulation bags from volume, installed density and bag mass.
Attic Ventilation Area Calculator
Calculate net free ventilation area from attic floor area and a user-specified ratio.
Sod Roll Calculator
Estimate turf rolls and installed material cost from coverage and price per roll.
Retaining Wall Block Calculator
Estimate blocks for a rectangular wall face using exposed block dimensions.
Pond Liner Calculator
Estimate rectangular flexible-liner dimensions from maximum pond dimensions and edge allowance.
Plaster Quantity Calculator
Estimate dry plaster bag count using supplier consumption per square metre per millimetre.
Asphalt Tonnage Calculator
Estimate compacted asphalt mass from paved area, thickness and density.
Sealant Cartridge Calculator
Estimate cartridges needed for rectangular joints using joint length and bead cross-section.
Epoxy Coating Quantity Calculator
Estimate coating volume for a target dry-film thickness and solids-by-volume percentage.
Depth of Field Calculator
Estimate near and far focus limits from focal length, aperture, subject distance and circle of confusion.
Bellows Exposure Compensation Calculator
Estimate macro exposure compensation from lens-to-image extension and focal length.
Flash Guide Number Calculator
Estimate aperture from a flash guide number, subject distance and ISO setting.
Flash Power and Distance Calculator
Estimate the new flash-power fraction needed after changing flash-to-subject distance.
Shutter Angle Calculator
Convert frame rate and shutter angle into exposure time for video.
Video Bitrate for File Size Calculator
Estimate the video bitrate that fits a target file size after reserving audio bitrate.
Uncompressed Audio File Size Calculator
Estimate PCM audio payload size from sample rate, bit depth, channel count and duration.
Diffraction Airy Disk Calculator
Estimate the first-dark-ring diameter of a diffraction pattern at the image plane.
Sensor Pixel Pitch Calculator
Estimate horizontal pixel pitch from active sensor width and pixel count.
Panorama Frame Count Calculator
Estimate image count for a horizontal panorama with a specified field of view and overlap.
Crop Resolution Calculator
Estimate remaining pixel dimensions and megapixels after applying a linear crop factor.
Anamorphic Desqueeze Calculator
Calculate display dimensions after horizontally desqueezing anamorphic footage.
Scanning Resolution Calculator
Find pixel dimensions produced by scanning a physical original at a chosen resolution.
Sound Travel Delay Calculator
Estimate audio arrival delay relative to a camera or another recording position.
Motion Blur in Pixels Calculator
Estimate image displacement during exposure for a subject moving across a measured scene width.
Triangle Inradius Calculator
Find the radius of a triangle’s inscribed circle from its three side lengths.
Triangle Orthocenter Calculator
Find the intersection of the altitudes for three planar vertices.
Triangle Median Calculator
Find all three median lengths from the sides of a triangle.
Ellipse Foci and Eccentricity Calculator
Find focal distance and eccentricity from an ellipse’s semimajor and semiminor axes.
Horizontal Cylinder Tank Volume Calculator
Calculate liquid volume in a level horizontal cylinder from fill depth.
Capsule Volume Calculator
Calculate volume and surface area of a cylinder capped by two hemispheres.
Spherical Zone Surface Area Calculator
Find the curved area of a spherical band between parallel planes.
Triangle Side Length Checker
Check whether three lengths form a triangle and classify its angle type.
Point to Line Segment Distance Calculator
Find the shortest distance from a point to a finite segment and locate the closest point.
Circle Intersection Area Calculator
Find the shared area of two disks from their radii and center separation.
Matrix Calculator
Add, subtract and multiply matrices, or find a transpose, determinant or inverse in one workspace.
System of Linear Equations Calculator
Solve a square system A × x = b and check its numerical residual.
Complex Number Calculator
Add, subtract, multiply or divide complex numbers and inspect the result in rectangular and polar form.
Binary Calculator
Calculate with binary integers and see exact binary, decimal and hexadecimal results.
Tire Size Calculator
Compare two tire sizes by diameter, sidewall height, circumference and theoretical speedometer difference.
Time Card Calculator
Total work hours and unpaid breaks across shifts, with optional weekly overtime and gross-pay estimates.
Word to PDF Converter
Convert a DOCX document to PDF online, with clear upload limits and a downloadable result.
CSV to TSV Converter
Convert comma-separated data into tab-separated text while preserving quoted fields.
TSV to CSV Converter
Convert tab-separated rows into correctly quoted CSV for spreadsheets.
Remove Duplicate CSV Rows
Remove repeated data rows from CSV while keeping the header and first occurrence.
Select CSV Columns
Extract or reorder CSV columns using their column numbers.
Sort CSV Rows
Sort CSV data by a text or numeric column while keeping the header first.
Transpose CSV
Turn CSV rows into columns and columns into rows.
CSV Column Statistics
Calculate the count, sum, average, minimum and maximum of a numeric CSV column.
Flatten JSON
Convert nested JSON object keys into dot-separated paths.
Unflatten JSON
Rebuild nested JSON objects from dot-separated keys.
Extract JSON Keys
List the top-level keys of a JSON object as plain text.
Merge JSON Objects
Combine two JSON objects and use the second object for overlapping keys.
JSON to JSONL Converter
Turn a JSON array into newline-delimited JSON with one item per line.
JSONL to JSON Converter
Convert newline-delimited JSON into a formatted JSON array.
Compare Text
Compare two texts line by line and highlight additions and removals with a readable diff.
Unicode Character Inspector
Inspect the Unicode code point of each character, including spaces and emoji.
Text to Hex Converter
Encode text as hexadecimal UTF-8 bytes.
Text to Binary Converter
Encode text as groups of eight binary digits using UTF-8.
Text to Morse Code
Convert English letters and numbers to International Morse code.
Roman Numeral Converter
Convert a whole number from 1 to 3999 into a Roman numeral.
Color Contrast Checker
Check the WCAG contrast ratio between two solid hex colors.
HEX to RGB Converter
Convert a six-digit hexadecimal color to CSS RGB notation.
HTML to Plain Text
Extract plain text from an HTML snippet without rendering or executing it.
Split Text into Chunks
Split text into a JSON array of fixed-size Unicode code-point chunks.
Unix Timestamp Converter
Convert Unix seconds or milliseconds to an exact UTC date and time.
Merge PDF
Combine multiple PDF files into one document in the order you choose.
Split PDF
Split a PDF into individual pages and download them together as a ZIP archive.
Extract PDF Pages
Save selected PDF pages as a new document using page numbers and ranges.
Delete PDF Pages
Remove unwanted PDF pages while keeping the remaining pages in their original order.
Reorder PDF Pages
Rearrange every page of a PDF into a new reading order.
Rotate PDF
Rotate selected PDF pages clockwise without converting them to images.
Add Page Numbers to PDF
Add readable page numbers to the bottom of your PDF pages.
Watermark PDF
Add a light diagonal text watermark to every page of a PDF.
Images to PDF
Combine JPG, PNG or WebP images into a PDF with one image per page.
PDF to JPG or PNG
Convert selected PDF pages to JPG or PNG images in a downloadable ZIP.
PDF to Text
Extract selectable text from a PDF and download a plain text file.
PDF Metadata Viewer
Check a PDF’s page count, page sizes, title and author locally.
Resize Image
Resize an image to a specific width while preserving its aspect ratio.
Crop Image
Crop a rectangular area from an image using precise pixel coordinates.
Image Converter
Convert a supported JPG, PNG or WebP image to PNG, JPEG or WebP.
Compress Image
Adjust JPEG or WebP image quality and compare the resulting file size.
Rotate Image
Turn an image 90, 180 or 270 degrees with a correctly sized output canvas.
Flip Image
Mirror an image horizontally or flip it vertically.
Grayscale Image
Convert a color photo or illustration to grayscale in your browser.
Image Contact Sheet
Arrange several images into a numbered grid and download one preview sheet.
Remove Image Metadata
Create a re-encoded PNG copy without copying source EXIF or GPS metadata.
Image Size Checker
Check image width, height, aspect ratio, pixel count and file size.
Create ZIP File
Pack multiple files into a ZIP archive directly in your browser.
Extract ZIP File
Inspect and extract files from a ZIP archive without uploading it.
File Checksum Calculator
Calculate a SHA-256, SHA-384 or SHA-512 hash to check file integrity.
File to Base64
Encode a file as Base64 text for data exchange and development.
Pressure Converter
Convert pressure between SI units, bars, standard atmospheres and pounds per square inch.
Energy Converter
Convert energy quantities between joules, watt-hours and thermochemical calories.
Power Converter
Convert power between watts and common decimal multiples.
Angle Converter
Convert angles between degrees, radians, turns and gradians.
Time Unit Converter
Convert fixed durations between seconds, minutes, hours, days and weeks.
Frequency Converter
Convert periodic frequency between hertz and its decimal multiples.
Force Converter
Convert force between newtons, kilonewtons, dynes and kilogram-force.
Acceleration Converter
Convert acceleration between SI units, feet per second squared and standard gravity.
Density Converter
Convert mass density between common metric mass-per-volume units.
Fuel Economy Converter
Convert fuel efficiency between L/100 km, km/L, US mpg and imperial mpg.
Ratio Simplifier
Reduce a two-part whole-number ratio and see each part’s share of the total.
Proportion Calculator
Solve for x in the positive proportion a/b = c/x.
Weighted Average Calculator
Find an average when observations have different weights.
Percent Error Calculator
Compare a measured value with a nonzero reference using absolute percentage error.
Z-Score Calculator
Express an observation as standard deviations above or below a known mean.
Factorial Calculator
Calculate the exact factorial of a whole number from zero to 500.
Combinations Calculator
Count unordered selections of k distinct items from n items without replacement.
Permutations Calculator
Count ordered arrangements of k distinct items chosen from n without replacement.
Exponent Calculator
Raise a base to a positive, negative or fractional exponent when the result is real and finite.
Logarithm Calculator
Find the logarithm of a positive value in a positive base other than one.
Pythagorean Theorem Calculator
Find a right triangle’s hypotenuse from its two perpendicular legs.
Triangle Area Calculator
Find triangle area from a base and its perpendicular height.
Rectangle Calculator
Find a rectangle’s area, perimeter and diagonal from length and width.
Trapezoid Area Calculator
Calculate area from two parallel bases and their perpendicular separation.
Sphere Calculator
Find sphere volume, surface area and diameter from its radius.
CTR Calculator
Calculate clicks as a percentage of recorded advertising impressions.
Average Order Value Calculator
Find average revenue per order for a consistently defined reporting period.
Customer Churn Calculator
Measure the share of a starting customer cohort lost during a period.
Customer Retention Calculator
Estimate retention of starting customers using end-of-period customers and new acquisitions.
Inventory Turnover Calculator
Compare cost of goods sold with average inventory value over the same period.
Working Capital Calculator
Find the difference between current assets and current liabilities.
Current Ratio Calculator
Compare current assets with current liabilities as a liquidity ratio.
Contribution Margin Calculator
Calculate revenue remaining after variable costs to cover fixed costs and profit.
Break-Even ROAS Calculator
Estimate the ad revenue multiple needed to cover spend at a given contribution margin.
Payback Period Calculator
Estimate how long constant annual net cash inflows take to recover an initial outlay.
Savings Goal Calculator
Find the whole months needed to reach a target with a fixed monthly contribution.
Rule of 72 Calculator
Approximate the years needed to double a balance at a constant positive annual rate.
Effective Annual Rate Calculator — EAR
Convert a nominal annual interest rate to EAR with monthly, quarterly or daily compounding. Includes the formula and a 12% worked example.
Real Return Calculator
Adjust a nominal percentage return for inflation over the same period.
Inflation-Adjusted Purchasing Power Calculator
Calculate what a future amount is worth in today’s money using your inflation assumption. See the purchasing-power formula and a worked example.
Debt-to-Income Calculator
Express monthly debt payments as a percentage of monthly gross income.
Unit Price Calculator
Compare package value by calculating cost per one unit of quantity.
Sales Tax Calculator
Add a supplied tax rate to a price or extract tax from an inclusive total.
URL Encoder and Decoder
Encode a URL component or decode percent-encoded UTF-8 text locally.
Base64 Encoder and Decoder
Convert UTF-8 text to Base64 or decode Base64 text in your browser.
JSON Formatter
Validate JSON syntax and format it with indentation or compact spacing.
Find and Replace Text
Replace every exact occurrence of a text fragment without regular expressions.
Coin Flip Simulator
Flip a fair virtual coin one or more times and count heads and tails.
Random Color Generator
Generate a random 24-bit RGB color and copy its hexadecimal code.
Random Name Picker
Choose one random nonempty entry from a list without uploading it.
Currency Converter
Convert an amount between 20 currencies using the latest available ECB reference rate.
Historical Currency Converter
Convert a past amount using an exchange rate for a selected historical date.
Currency Exchange Fee Calculator
Estimate the amount received after a percentage fee and a fixed fee in the source currency.
Foreign Price Comparison Calculator
Compare two prices listed in different currencies using a common reference rate.
URL Slug Generator
Turn a title into a clean lowercase URL segment with predictable separators.
Reading Time Calculator
Estimate reading duration from your text and a reading speed you choose.
UTM Link Builder
Add source, medium and campaign tracking parameters to an HTTP or HTTPS link.
URL Parser
Inspect the protocol, hostname, port, path, query and fragment of a web URL.
HTML Escape Tool
Encode five reserved HTML characters for use as plain text in HTML markup.
UTF-8 Byte Counter
Measure how many bytes a text string occupies when encoded as UTF-8.
Numbered List Generator
Add sequential numbers to nonempty text lines with a custom starting number.
Email Extractor
Find distinct common email-address patterns in pasted text without uploading it.
Savings Rate Calculator
Find the percentage of your take-home income left after spending over the same period.
Emergency Fund Calculator
Estimate a cash reserve for a chosen number of months of essential expenses.
Debt Payoff Calculator
Estimate how many monthly payments will repay one balance at a fixed annual rate.
Cash Runway Calculator
Estimate how many months your cash balance covers a constant monthly net cash burn.
Capacity Utilization Calculator
Compare actual output with available production capacity for the same period.
Prime Factorization Calculator
Break a positive whole number into its prime factors and show repeated factors as powers.
Rounding Calculator
Round a decimal to a chosen number of places, with nearest, upward or downward rounding.
Quotient and Remainder Calculator
Divide two nonnegative whole numbers and show an exact integer quotient and remainder.
Day of Year Calculator
Find a calendar date’s ordinal day number and the days remaining in its year.
Leap Year Calculator
Check whether a Gregorian calendar year contains February 29 and 366 days.
ISO Week Number Calculator
Find the ISO week number, week-year and Monday-through-Sunday range for a date.
Torque Converter
Convert torque between newton-metres, newton-centimetres and pound-force units.
Data Transfer Rate Converter
Convert network transfer rates between decimal bits and bytes per second.
CSV to JSON Converter
Convert comma-separated text with a header row into an array of JSON objects.
JSON to CSV Converter
Convert a JSON array of flat objects into CSV with a consistent header row.
Markdown Table Generator
Turn header-based CSV into a Markdown table ready to copy into a document or repository.
Arithmetic Sequence Calculator
Find an arithmetic sequence’s nth term, finite sum and first terms from a fixed difference.
Geometric Sequence Calculator
Generate terms and a finite sum for a sequence with a constant multiplier.
Distance Between Two Points Calculator
Calculate straight-line distance, coordinate changes and the midpoint of two points in a plane.
Slope Calculator
Find rise, run, slope and the y-intercept of the line through two coordinate points.
Linear Interpolation Calculator
Estimate a y value between two known points and identify when a result is extrapolation.
Number Base Converter
Convert signed integers between bases 2 through 36 without losing large integer precision.
Scientific Notation Converter
Write a decimal or E-notation number in scientific notation with a chosen display precision.
Aspect Ratio Calculator
Simplify image dimensions into an exact ratio and calculate a matching height for a new width.
Pixel Density Calculator
Calculate pixels per inch, physical screen dimensions and pixel pitch from resolution and diagonal size.
Download Time Calculator
Estimate file transfer duration from file size, connection speed and an adjustable usable-throughput percentage.
Required Grade Calculator
Find the average score needed on remaining coursework to reach a target overall percentage.
Work Hours Calculator
Calculate net shift hours after an unpaid break, including shifts that end the next day.
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